A few years ago Dr. Andrew Abela published a good Diagram helping to decide about which chart are a better fit for a given data and problem at hand (please click on image below to see it in full size).
Choosing a good chart by Dr. Abela (In Color)
Dr. Abela also published interesting thoughts about visualization taxonomies and recommended this 3 years old book by Dan Roam, who also published this Visual Thinking “Codex”:
Visual Thinking Codex by Dan Roam
Good people at Juice Analytics converted Dr. Abela’s diagram to online Chart Chooser application, I suggest to review it. You may also review this post here and presentation from the same author, available online: Which chart? or as full screen slideshow: http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/3707753
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Data Visualization 
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